In [29]:
histogram_boxplot(df, "no_of_adults")
A significant number of hotel bookings are called-off due to cancellations or no-shows. The typical reasons for cancellations include change of plans, scheduling conflicts, etc. This is often made easier by the option to do so free of charge or preferably at a low cost which is beneficial to hotel guests but it is a less desirable and possibly revenue-diminishing factor for hotels to deal with. Such losses are particularly high on last-minute cancellations.
The new technologies involving online booking channels have dramatically changed customers’ booking possibilities and behavior. This adds a further dimension to the challenge of how hotels handle cancellations, which are no longer limited to traditional booking and guest characteristics.
The cancellation of bookings impact a hotel on various fronts:
The increasing number of cancellations calls for a Machine Learning based solution that can help in predicting which booking is likely to be canceled. INN Hotels Group has a chain of hotels in Portugal, they are facing problems with the high number of booking cancellations and have asked for data-driven solutions. The goals of the project were to:
The data contains the different attributes of customers' booking details.
Data Dictionary
I did some checking on the internet and found the following URLs and hotel cancellation information from 2018:
https://blog.experience-hotel.com/where-do-cancellations-come-from/
https://www.hotelmanagement.net/tech/study-cancelation-rate-at-40-as-otas-push-free-change-policy
https://hospitalitytech.com/global-cancellation-rate-hotel-reservations-reaches-40-average
Key facts concerning hotel bookings:
The web sites also stated it was common for guests to make reservations at multiple hotels and then whittle down the choices closer to the arrival date. Since there is no change for cancellations, it is easy for guests to do this.
Logistic regression with a 0.42 threshold
This model shows the coefficients and the impact of the feature can be clearly determined.
# this will help in making the Python code more structured automatically (help adhere to good coding practices)
%load_ext nb_black
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
from statsmodels.tools.sm_exceptions import ConvergenceWarning
warnings.simplefilter("ignore", ConvergenceWarning)
# Libraries to help with reading and manipulating data
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# libaries to help with data visualization
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
# Library to split data
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
# To build model for prediction
import statsmodels.stats.api as sms
from statsmodels.stats.outliers_influence import variance_inflation_factor
import statsmodels.api as sm
from statsmodels.tools.tools import add_constant
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from sklearn import tree
# To tune different models
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
# To get diferent metric scores
from sklearn.metrics import (
f1_score,
accuracy_score,
recall_score,
precision_score,
confusion_matrix,
roc_auc_score,
plot_confusion_matrix,
precision_recall_curve,
roc_curve,
make_scorer,
)
def histogram_boxplot(data, feature, figsize=(12, 7), kde=True, bins=None):
"""
Boxplot and histogram combined
data: dataframe
feature: dataframe column
figsize: size of figure (default (12,7))
kde: whether to show the density curve (default False)
bins: number of bins for histogram (default None)
"""
f2, (ax_box2, ax_hist2) = plt.subplots(
nrows=2, # Number of rows of the subplot grid= 2
sharex=True, # x-axis will be shared among all subplots
gridspec_kw={"height_ratios": (0.25, 0.75)},
figsize=figsize,
) # creating the 2 subplots
sns.boxplot(
data=data, x=feature, ax=ax_box2, showmeans=True, color="violet"
) # boxplot will be created and a star will indicate the mean value of the column
sns.histplot(
data=data, x=feature, kde=True, ax=ax_hist2, bins=bins, palette="winter"
) if bins else sns.histplot(
data=data, x=feature, kde=True, ax=ax_hist2
) # For histogram
ax_hist2.axvline(
data[feature].mean(), color="green", linestyle="--"
) # Add mean to the histogram
ax_hist2.axvline(
data[feature].median(), color="black", linestyle="-"
) # Add median to the histogram
# function to create labeled barplots
def labeled_barplot(data, feature, perc=False, n=None):
"""
Barplot with percentage at the top
data: dataframe
feature: dataframe column
perc: whether to display percentages instead of count (default is False)
n: displays the top n category levels (default is None, i.e., display all levels)
"""
total = len(data[feature]) # length of the column
count = data[feature].nunique()
if n is None:
plt.figure(figsize=(count + 1, 5))
else:
plt.figure(figsize=(n + 1, 5))
plt.xticks(rotation=90, fontsize=15)
ax = sns.countplot(
data=data,
x=feature,
palette="Paired",
order=data[feature].value_counts().index[:n].sort_values(),
)
for p in ax.patches:
if perc == True:
label = "{:.1f}%".format(
100 * p.get_height() / total
) # percentage of each class of the category
else:
label = p.get_height() # count of each level of the category
x = p.get_x() + p.get_width() / 2 # width of the plot
y = p.get_height() # height of the plot
ax.annotate(
label,
(x, y),
ha="center",
va="center",
size=12,
xytext=(0, 5),
textcoords="offset points",
) # annotate the percentage
plt.show() # show the plot
### function to plot distributions wrt target
def distribution_plot_wrt_target(data, predictor, target):
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(12, 10))
target_uniq = data[target].unique()
axs[0, 0].set_title("Distribution of target for target=" + str(target_uniq[0]))
sns.histplot(
data=data[data[target] == target_uniq[0]],
x=predictor,
kde=True,
ax=axs[0, 0],
color="teal",
stat="density",
)
axs[0, 1].set_title("Distribution of target for target=" + str(target_uniq[1]))
sns.histplot(
data=data[data[target] == target_uniq[1]],
x=predictor,
kde=True,
ax=axs[0, 1],
color="orange",
stat="density",
)
axs[1, 0].set_title("Boxplot w.r.t target")
sns.boxplot(data=data, x=target, y=predictor, ax=axs[1, 0], palette="gist_rainbow")
axs[1, 1].set_title("Boxplot (without outliers) w.r.t target")
sns.boxplot(
data=data,
x=target,
y=predictor,
ax=axs[1, 1],
showfliers=False,
palette="gist_rainbow",
)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
# defining a function to compute different metrics to check performance of a classification model built using statsmodels
def model_performance_classification_statsmodels(
model, predictors, target, threshold=0.5
):
"""
Function to compute different metrics to check classification model performance
model: classifier
predictors: independent variables
target: dependent variable
threshold: threshold for classifying the observation as class 1
"""
# checking which probabilities are greater than threshold
pred_temp = model.predict(predictors) > threshold
# rounding off the above values to get classes
pred = np.round(pred_temp)
acc = accuracy_score(target, pred) # to compute Accuracy
recall = recall_score(target, pred) # to compute Recall
precision = precision_score(target, pred) # to compute Precision
f1 = f1_score(target, pred) # to compute F1-score
# creating a dataframe of metrics
df_perf = pd.DataFrame(
{"Accuracy": acc, "Recall": recall, "Precision": precision, "F1": f1,},
index=[0],
)
return df_perf
# defining a function to plot the confusion_matrix of a classification model
def confusion_matrix_statsmodels(model, predictors, target, threshold=0.5):
"""
To plot the confusion_matrix with percentages
model: classifier
predictors: independent variables
target: dependent variable
threshold: threshold for classifying the observation as class 1
"""
y_pred = model.predict(predictors) > threshold
cm = confusion_matrix(target, y_pred)
labels = np.asarray(
[
["{0:0.0f}".format(item) + "\n{0:.2%}".format(item / cm.flatten().sum())]
for item in cm.flatten()
]
).reshape(2, 2)
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
sns.heatmap(cm, annot=labels, fmt="")
plt.ylabel("True label")
plt.xlabel("Predicted label")
# Fuction to define a stacked barplot
def stacked_barplot(data, predictor, target):
"""
Print the category counts and plot a stacked bar chart
data: dataframe
predictor: independent variable
target: target variable
"""
count = data[predictor].nunique()
sorter = data[target].value_counts().index[-1]
tab1 = pd.crosstab(data[predictor], data[target], margins=True).sort_values(
by=sorter, ascending=False
)
print(tab1)
print("-" * 120)
tab = pd.crosstab(data[predictor], data[target], normalize="index").sort_values(
by=sorter, ascending=False
)
tab.plot(kind="bar", stacked=True, figsize=(count + 5, 5))
plt.legend(
loc="lower left", frameon=False,
)
plt.legend(loc="upper left", bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1))
plt.show()
# Fuction to define a stacked barplot
# Changed the sort order
def stacked_barplot_mine(data, predictor, target):
"""
Print the category counts and plot a stacked bar chart
data: dataframe
predictor: independent variable
target: target variable
"""
count = data[predictor].nunique()
sorter = data[predictor].unique()
sorter = sorter.tolist()
tab1 = pd.crosstab(data[predictor], data[target], margins=True).sort_values(
by=sorter, ascending=True, axis=1
)
print(tab1)
print("-" * 120)
tab = pd.crosstab(data[predictor], data[target], normalize="index").sort_values(
by=sorter, ascending=True, axis=1
)
tab.plot(kind="bar", stacked=True, figsize=(count + 5, 5))
plt.legend(
loc="lower left", frameon=False,
)
plt.legend(loc="upper left", bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1))
plt.show()
# function to get a value count and percentage for a column in a dataset
def count_percentage(data, contents):
"""
To get a value count on a column and its percentage
data: dataframe
contents: column to be counted
"""
tempdf = pd.DataFrame(columns=[contents, "Percentage"])
tempdf[contents] = data[contents].value_counts()
tempdf["Percentage"] = data[contents].value_counts(normalize=True)
print(contents, "with percentage of total \n")
print(tempdf)
del tempdf # free memory
# defining a function to compute different metrics to check performance of a classification model built using sklearn
def model_performance_classification_sklearn(model, predictors, target):
"""
Function to compute different metrics to check classification model performance
model: classifier
predictors: independent variables
target: dependent variable
"""
# predicting using the independent variables
pred = model.predict(predictors)
acc = accuracy_score(target, pred) # to compute Accuracy
recall = recall_score(target, pred) # to compute Recall
precision = precision_score(target, pred) # to compute Precision
f1 = f1_score(target, pred) # to compute F1-score
# creating a dataframe of metrics
df_perf = pd.DataFrame(
{"Accuracy": acc, "Recall": recall, "Precision": precision, "F1": f1,},
index=[0],
)
return df_perf
def confusion_matrix_sklearn(model, predictors, target):
"""
To plot the confusion_matrix with percentages
model: classifier
predictors: independent variables
target: dependent variable
"""
y_pred = model.predict(predictors)
cm = confusion_matrix(target, y_pred)
labels = np.asarray(
[
["{0:0.0f}".format(item) + "\n{0:.2%}".format(item / cm.flatten().sum())]
for item in cm.flatten()
]
).reshape(2, 2)
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
sns.heatmap(cm, annot=labels, fmt="")
plt.ylabel("True label")
plt.xlabel("Predicted label")
# Define a list used a couple of times in the notebook
month_year = [
"2017_7",
"2017_8",
"2017_9",
"2017_10",
"2017_11",
"2017_12",
"2018_1",
"2018_2",
"2018_3",
"2018_4",
"2018_5",
"2018_6",
"2018_7",
"2018_8",
"2018_9",
"2018_10",
"2018_11",
"2018_12",
]
# DataFrame to hold results of model performance
models_train_comp_df = pd.DataFrame()
models_test_comp_df = pd.DataFrame()
# read the data
df = pd.read_csv(
"C:/Users/David/LibreOffice_Personal/DataScience/TestData_Files/INNHotelsGroup.csv"
)
# Ran code on local machine using Anaconda
# returns the first 5 rows
df.head()
| Booking_ID | no_of_adults | no_of_children | no_of_weekend_nights | no_of_week_nights | type_of_meal_plan | required_car_parking_space | room_type_reserved | lead_time | arrival_year | arrival_month | arrival_date | market_segment_type | repeated_guest | no_of_previous_cancellations | no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled | avg_price_per_room | no_of_special_requests | booking_status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | INN00001 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | Meal Plan 1 | 0 | Room_Type 1 | 224 | 2017 | 10 | 2 | Offline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65.00 | 0 | Not_Canceled |
| 1 | INN00002 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | Not Selected | 0 | Room_Type 1 | 5 | 2018 | 11 | 6 | Online | 0 | 0 | 0 | 106.68 | 1 | Not_Canceled |
| 2 | INN00003 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | Meal Plan 1 | 0 | Room_Type 1 | 1 | 2018 | 2 | 28 | Online | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60.00 | 0 | Canceled |
| 3 | INN00004 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Meal Plan 1 | 0 | Room_Type 1 | 211 | 2018 | 5 | 20 | Online | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 0 | Canceled |
| 4 | INN00005 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | Not Selected | 0 | Room_Type 1 | 48 | 2018 | 4 | 11 | Online | 0 | 0 | 0 | 94.50 | 0 | Canceled |
print("There are", df.shape[0], "rows and", df.shape[1], "columns.")
There are 36275 rows and 19 columns.
# Changing the columns 'brand_name' and 'os' into the category data type because that is what they are
# Suggestion from Tasleem
df["type_of_meal_plan"] = df.type_of_meal_plan.astype("category")
df["room_type_reserved"] = df.room_type_reserved.astype("category")
df["market_segment_type"] = df.market_segment_type.astype("category")
df.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'> RangeIndex: 36275 entries, 0 to 36274 Data columns (total 19 columns): # Column Non-Null Count Dtype --- ------ -------------- ----- 0 Booking_ID 36275 non-null object 1 no_of_adults 36275 non-null int64 2 no_of_children 36275 non-null int64 3 no_of_weekend_nights 36275 non-null int64 4 no_of_week_nights 36275 non-null int64 5 type_of_meal_plan 36275 non-null category 6 required_car_parking_space 36275 non-null int64 7 room_type_reserved 36275 non-null category 8 lead_time 36275 non-null int64 9 arrival_year 36275 non-null int64 10 arrival_month 36275 non-null int64 11 arrival_date 36275 non-null int64 12 market_segment_type 36275 non-null category 13 repeated_guest 36275 non-null int64 14 no_of_previous_cancellations 36275 non-null int64 15 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled 36275 non-null int64 16 avg_price_per_room 36275 non-null float64 17 no_of_special_requests 36275 non-null int64 18 booking_status 36275 non-null object dtypes: category(3), float64(1), int64(13), object(2) memory usage: 4.5+ MB
df.isnull().sum()
Booking_ID 0 no_of_adults 0 no_of_children 0 no_of_weekend_nights 0 no_of_week_nights 0 type_of_meal_plan 0 required_car_parking_space 0 room_type_reserved 0 lead_time 0 arrival_year 0 arrival_month 0 arrival_date 0 market_segment_type 0 repeated_guest 0 no_of_previous_cancellations 0 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled 0 avg_price_per_room 0 no_of_special_requests 0 booking_status 0 dtype: int64
df.duplicated().sum()
0
No null or duplicated values
df.describe().T
| count | mean | std | min | 25% | 50% | 75% | max | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| no_of_adults | 36275.0 | 1.844962 | 0.518715 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 2.00 | 2.0 | 4.0 |
| no_of_children | 36275.0 | 0.105279 | 0.402648 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 10.0 |
| no_of_weekend_nights | 36275.0 | 0.810724 | 0.870644 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.00 | 2.0 | 7.0 |
| no_of_week_nights | 36275.0 | 2.204300 | 1.410905 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.00 | 3.0 | 17.0 |
| required_car_parking_space | 36275.0 | 0.030986 | 0.173281 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| lead_time | 36275.0 | 85.232557 | 85.930817 | 0.0 | 17.0 | 57.00 | 126.0 | 443.0 |
| arrival_year | 36275.0 | 2017.820427 | 0.383836 | 2017.0 | 2018.0 | 2018.00 | 2018.0 | 2018.0 |
| arrival_month | 36275.0 | 7.423653 | 3.069894 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 8.00 | 10.0 | 12.0 |
| arrival_date | 36275.0 | 15.596995 | 8.740447 | 1.0 | 8.0 | 16.00 | 23.0 | 31.0 |
| repeated_guest | 36275.0 | 0.025637 | 0.158053 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| no_of_previous_cancellations | 36275.0 | 0.023349 | 0.368331 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 13.0 |
| no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled | 36275.0 | 0.153411 | 1.754171 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 58.0 |
| avg_price_per_room | 36275.0 | 103.423539 | 35.089424 | 0.0 | 80.3 | 99.45 | 120.0 | 540.0 |
| no_of_special_requests | 36275.0 | 0.619655 | 0.786236 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 1.0 | 5.0 |
print("There are", df["type_of_meal_plan"].nunique(), "types of meal plans")
print("There are", df["room_type_reserved"].nunique(), "room types")
print("There are", df["market_segment_type"].nunique(), "market segment types")
print("There are", df["booking_status"].nunique(), "booking status types")
There are 4 types of meal plans There are 7 room types There are 5 market segment types There are 2 booking status types
df.head()
| no_of_adults | no_of_children | no_of_weekend_nights | no_of_week_nights | type_of_meal_plan | required_car_parking_space | room_type_reserved | lead_time | arrival_year | arrival_month | arrival_date | market_segment_type | repeated_guest | no_of_previous_cancellations | no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled | avg_price_per_room | no_of_special_requests | booking_status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | Meal Plan 1 | 0 | Room_Type 1 | 224 | 2017 | 10 | 2 | Offline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65.00 | 0 | Not_Canceled |
| 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | Not Selected | 0 | Room_Type 1 | 5 | 2018 | 11 | 6 | Online | 0 | 0 | 0 | 106.68 | 1 | Not_Canceled |
| 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | Meal Plan 1 | 0 | Room_Type 1 | 1 | 2018 | 2 | 28 | Online | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60.00 | 0 | Canceled |
| 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Meal Plan 1 | 0 | Room_Type 1 | 211 | 2018 | 5 | 20 | Online | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 0 | Canceled |
| 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | Not Selected | 0 | Room_Type 1 | 48 | 2018 | 4 | 11 | Online | 0 | 0 | 0 | 94.50 | 0 | Canceled |
df.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'> RangeIndex: 36275 entries, 0 to 36274 Data columns (total 18 columns): # Column Non-Null Count Dtype --- ------ -------------- ----- 0 no_of_adults 36275 non-null int64 1 no_of_children 36275 non-null int64 2 no_of_weekend_nights 36275 non-null int64 3 no_of_week_nights 36275 non-null int64 4 type_of_meal_plan 36275 non-null category 5 required_car_parking_space 36275 non-null int64 6 room_type_reserved 36275 non-null category 7 lead_time 36275 non-null int64 8 arrival_year 36275 non-null int64 9 arrival_month 36275 non-null int64 10 arrival_date 36275 non-null int64 11 market_segment_type 36275 non-null category 12 repeated_guest 36275 non-null int64 13 no_of_previous_cancellations 36275 non-null int64 14 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled 36275 non-null int64 15 avg_price_per_room 36275 non-null float64 16 no_of_special_requests 36275 non-null int64 17 booking_status 36275 non-null object dtypes: category(3), float64(1), int64(13), object(1) memory usage: 4.3+ MB
Leading Questions:
count_percentage(df, "no_of_adults")
no_of_adults with percentage of total no_of_adults Percentage 2 26108 0.719724 1 7695 0.212130 3 2317 0.063873 0 139 0.003832 4 16 0.000441
histogram_boxplot(df, "no_of_adults")
labeled_barplot(df, "no_of_adults")
count_percentage(df, "no_of_children")
no_of_children with percentage of total
no_of_children Percentage
0 33577 0.925624
1 1618 0.044604
2 1058 0.029166
3 19 0.000524
9 2 0.000055
10 1 0.000028
histogram_boxplot(df, "no_of_children")
labeled_barplot(df, "no_of_children")
twindf = df[(df["no_of_adults"] == 2)]
total_twin = twindf.shape[0]
total_res = df.shape[0]
print("There are", total_res, "total reservations")
print(
"There are ",
total_twin,
" ",
round((total_twin / total_res) * 100, 2),
"% reservations with spouse or other companion",
sep="",
)
There are 36275 total reservations There are 26108 71.97% reservations with spouse or other companion
familydf = df[(df["no_of_adults"] > 1) & (df["no_of_children"] >= 0)]
total_fam = familydf.shape[0]
total_res = df.shape[0]
total_bus = df.shape[0] - familydf.shape[0]
print("There are", total_res, "total reservations")
print(
"There are ",
total_fam,
" ",
round((total_fam / total_res) * 100, 2),
"% reservations with children and/or spouse",
sep="",
)
print(
"There are ",
total_twin,
" ",
round((total_twin / total_res) * 100, 2),
"% reservations with spouse or other companion",
sep="",
)
print(
"There are ",
total_bus,
" ",
round((total_bus / total_res) * 100, 2),
"% reservations for single person",
sep="",
)
print("\n \n") # for formatting
axis = ["Family", "Twin", "Single"]
guests = [total_fam, total_twin, total_bus]
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_axes([0, 0, 1, 1])
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
ax.bar(axis, guests)
plt.show()
There are 36275 total reservations There are 28441 78.4% reservations with children and/or spouse There are 26108 71.97% reservations with spouse or other companion There are 7834 21.6% reservations for single person
count_percentage(df, "no_of_weekend_nights")
no_of_weekend_nights with percentage of total no_of_weekend_nights Percentage 0 16872 0.465114 1 9995 0.275534 2 9071 0.250062 3 153 0.004218 4 129 0.003556 5 34 0.000937 6 20 0.000551 7 1 0.000028
histogram_boxplot(df, "no_of_weekend_nights")
labeled_barplot(df, "no_of_weekend_nights")
count_percentage(df, "no_of_week_nights")
no_of_week_nights with percentage of total
no_of_week_nights Percentage
2 11444 0.315479
1 9488 0.261558
3 7839 0.216099
4 2990 0.082426
0 2387 0.065803
5 1614 0.044493
6 189 0.005210
7 113 0.003115
10 62 0.001709
8 62 0.001709
9 34 0.000937
11 17 0.000469
15 10 0.000276
12 9 0.000248
14 7 0.000193
13 5 0.000138
17 3 0.000083
16 2 0.000055
histogram_boxplot(df, "no_of_week_nights")
labeled_barplot(df, "no_of_week_nights")
count_percentage(df, "type_of_meal_plan")
type_of_meal_plan with percentage of total
type_of_meal_plan Percentage
Meal Plan 1 27835 0.767333
Not Selected 5130 0.141420
Meal Plan 2 3305 0.091110
Meal Plan 3 5 0.000138
labeled_barplot(df, "type_of_meal_plan")
count_percentage(df, "required_car_parking_space")
required_car_parking_space with percentage of total required_car_parking_space Percentage 0 35151 0.969014 1 1124 0.030986
labeled_barplot(df, "required_car_parking_space")
count_percentage(df, "room_type_reserved")
room_type_reserved with percentage of total
room_type_reserved Percentage
Room_Type 1 28130 0.775465
Room_Type 4 6057 0.166975
Room_Type 6 966 0.026630
Room_Type 2 692 0.019076
Room_Type 5 265 0.007305
Room_Type 7 158 0.004356
Room_Type 3 7 0.000193
labeled_barplot(df, "room_type_reserved")
# Not calling the fuction as I want to see additional information for this variable
tempdf = pd.DataFrame(columns=["lead_time", "Percentage"])
tempdf["lead_time"] = df["lead_time"].value_counts()
tempdf["Percentage"] = df["lead_time"].value_counts(normalize=True)
print("lead_time with percentage of total \n")
print(tempdf)
print("\n\nFirst 15 entries for lead time:")
print(tempdf.head(15))
print("\n")
long_lead = len(df.loc[df["lead_time"] > 65])
print(
"There are ",
long_lead,
" reservations or ",
round((long_lead / df.shape[0]) * 100, 2),
"% of reservations with a lead time longer than 65 days",
sep="",
)
short_lead = len(df.loc[df["lead_time"] <= 10])
print(
"There are ",
short_lead,
" reservations or ",
round((short_lead / df.shape[0]) * 100, 2),
"% of reservations with a lead time of 10 days or less",
sep="",
)
del tempdf
lead_time with percentage of total
lead_time Percentage
0 1297 0.035755
1 1078 0.029717
2 643 0.017726
3 630 0.017367
4 628 0.017312
.. ... ...
300 1 0.000028
353 1 0.000028
328 1 0.000028
352 1 0.000028
351 1 0.000028
[352 rows x 2 columns]
First 15 entries for lead time:
lead_time Percentage
0 1297 0.035755
1 1078 0.029717
2 643 0.017726
3 630 0.017367
4 628 0.017312
5 577 0.015906
6 519 0.014307
8 436 0.012019
7 429 0.011826
12 412 0.011358
14 384 0.010586
11 371 0.010227
37 337 0.009290
39 335 0.009235
9 332 0.009152
There are 16717 reservations or 46.08% of reservations with a lead time longer than 65 days
There are 6886 reservations or 18.98% of reservations with a lead time of 10 days or less
histogram_boxplot(df, "lead_time")
count_percentage(df, "arrival_year")
arrival_year with percentage of total
arrival_year Percentage
2018 29761 0.820427
2017 6514 0.179573
labeled_barplot(df, "arrival_year")
For the arrival month, I am assuming the numbers of 1 - 12 correspond to January - December with 1 being January and 12 being December.
count_percentage(df, "arrival_month")
arrival_month with percentage of total
arrival_month Percentage
10 5317 0.146575
9 4611 0.127112
8 3813 0.105114
6 3203 0.088298
12 3021 0.083280
11 2980 0.082150
7 2920 0.080496
4 2736 0.075424
5 2598 0.071620
3 2358 0.065003
2 1704 0.046975
1 1014 0.027953
histogram_boxplot(df, "arrival_month")
labeled_barplot(df, "arrival_month")
count_percentage(df, "arrival_date")
arrival_date with percentage of total
arrival_date Percentage
13 1358 0.037436
17 1345 0.037078
2 1331 0.036692
4 1327 0.036582
19 1327 0.036582
16 1306 0.036003
20 1281 0.035314
15 1273 0.035093
6 1273 0.035093
18 1260 0.034735
14 1242 0.034238
30 1216 0.033522
12 1204 0.033191
8 1198 0.033025
29 1190 0.032805
21 1158 0.031923
5 1154 0.031813
26 1146 0.031592
25 1146 0.031592
1 1133 0.031234
9 1130 0.031151
28 1129 0.031123
7 1110 0.030600
24 1103 0.030407
11 1098 0.030269
3 1098 0.030269
10 1089 0.030021
27 1059 0.029194
22 1023 0.028201
23 990 0.027292
31 578 0.015934
histogram_boxplot(df, "arrival_date")
labeled_barplot(df, "arrival_date")
count_percentage(df, "market_segment_type")
market_segment_type with percentage of total
market_segment_type Percentage
Online 23214 0.639945
Offline 10528 0.290227
Corporate 2017 0.055603
Complementary 391 0.010779
Aviation 125 0.003446
labeled_barplot(df, "market_segment_type")
count_percentage(df, "repeated_guest")
repeated_guest with percentage of total repeated_guest Percentage 0 35345 0.974363 1 930 0.025637
labeled_barplot(df, "repeated_guest")
count_percentage(df, "no_of_previous_cancellations")
no_of_previous_cancellations with percentage of total
no_of_previous_cancellations Percentage
0 35937 0.990682
1 198 0.005458
2 46 0.001268
3 43 0.001185
11 25 0.000689
5 11 0.000303
4 10 0.000276
13 4 0.000110
6 1 0.000028
histogram_boxplot(df, "no_of_previous_cancellations")
labeled_barplot(df, "no_of_previous_cancellations")
count_percentage(df, "no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled")
no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled with percentage of total
no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled Percentage
0 35463 0.977615
1 228 0.006285
2 112 0.003088
3 80 0.002205
4 65 0.001792
5 60 0.001654
6 36 0.000992
7 24 0.000662
8 23 0.000634
10 19 0.000524
9 19 0.000524
11 15 0.000414
12 12 0.000331
14 9 0.000248
15 8 0.000221
16 7 0.000193
13 7 0.000193
18 6 0.000165
20 6 0.000165
21 6 0.000165
17 6 0.000165
19 6 0.000165
22 6 0.000165
25 3 0.000083
27 3 0.000083
24 3 0.000083
23 3 0.000083
44 2 0.000055
29 2 0.000055
48 2 0.000055
28 2 0.000055
30 2 0.000055
32 2 0.000055
31 2 0.000055
26 2 0.000055
46 1 0.000028
55 1 0.000028
45 1 0.000028
57 1 0.000028
53 1 0.000028
54 1 0.000028
58 1 0.000028
41 1 0.000028
40 1 0.000028
43 1 0.000028
35 1 0.000028
50 1 0.000028
56 1 0.000028
33 1 0.000028
37 1 0.000028
42 1 0.000028
51 1 0.000028
38 1 0.000028
34 1 0.000028
39 1 0.000028
52 1 0.000028
49 1 0.000028
47 1 0.000028
36 1 0.000028
histogram_boxplot(df, "no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled")
labeled_barplot(df, "no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled")
count_percentage(df, "avg_price_per_room")
avg_price_per_room with percentage of total
avg_price_per_room Percentage
65.00 848 0.023377
75.00 826 0.022771
90.00 703 0.019380
95.00 669 0.018442
115.00 662 0.018249
... ... ...
212.42 1 0.000028
83.48 1 0.000028
70.42 1 0.000028
130.99 1 0.000028
167.80 1 0.000028
[3930 rows x 2 columns]
histogram_boxplot(df, "avg_price_per_room")
count_percentage(df, "no_of_special_requests")
no_of_special_requests with percentage of total no_of_special_requests Percentage 0 19777 0.545196 1 11373 0.313522 2 4364 0.120303 3 675 0.018608 4 78 0.002150 5 8 0.000221
histogram_boxplot(df, "no_of_special_requests")
labeled_barplot(df, "no_of_special_requests")
count_percentage(df, "booking_status")
booking_status with percentage of total
booking_status Percentage
Not_Canceled 24390 0.672364
Canceled 11885 0.327636
labeled_barplot(df, "booking_status")
%%time
cols_list = df.select_dtypes(include=np.number).columns.tolist()
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 7))
sns.heatmap(df[cols_list].corr(), annot=True, vmin=-1, vmax=1, fmt=".2f")
plt.show()
Wall time: 586 ms
This is plotting and analyzing the data over the entire 18 months
workdf = df.groupby(["arrival_year", "arrival_month"])["booking_status"].count()
print(workdf)
print("\n \n") # for formatting
workdf = pd.DataFrame({"Month": month_year, "Count": list(workdf.values)})
# plotting the trend over different months
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
sns.lineplot(data=workdf, x="Month", y="Count", markers=True)
plt.show()
print("\n \n") # for formatting
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_axes([0, 0, 1, 1])
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
ax.bar(workdf["Month"], workdf["Count"])
plt.show()
del workdf # free memory
arrival_year arrival_month
2017 7 363
8 1014
9 1649
10 1913
11 647
12 928
2018 1 1014
2 1704
3 2358
4 2736
5 2598
6 3203
7 2557
8 2799
9 2962
10 3404
11 2333
12 2093
Name: booking_status, dtype: int64
plt.figure(figsize=(11, 7))
sns.boxplot(data=df, x="market_segment_type", y="avg_price_per_room")
plt.show()
stacked_barplot(df, "market_segment_type", "booking_status")
booking_status Canceled Not_Canceled All market_segment_type All 11885 24390 36275 Online 8475 14739 23214 Offline 3153 7375 10528 Corporate 220 1797 2017 Aviation 37 88 125 Complementary 0 391 391 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
stacked_barplot(df, "no_of_special_requests", "booking_status")
booking_status Canceled Not_Canceled All no_of_special_requests All 11885 24390 36275 0 8545 11232 19777 1 2703 8670 11373 2 637 3727 4364 3 0 675 675 4 0 78 78 5 0 8 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
plt.figure(figsize=(11, 7))
sns.boxplot(data=df, x="no_of_special_requests", y="avg_price_per_room")
plt.show()
%%time
distribution_plot_wrt_target(df, "avg_price_per_room", "booking_status")
Wall time: 829 ms
%%time
distribution_plot_wrt_target(df, "lead_time", "booking_status", )
Wall time: 548 ms
No children
2 or more adults
spousedf = df[(df.no_of_adults >= 1) & (df.no_of_children == 0)]
stacked_barplot(spousedf, "no_of_adults", "booking_status")
del spousedf # free memory
booking_status Canceled Not_Canceled All no_of_adults All 10882 22695 33577 2 8213 15506 23719 1 1809 5742 7551 3 857 1434 2291 4 3 13 16 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
familydf["no_of_family_members"] = familydf["no_of_adults"] + familydf["no_of_children"]
stacked_barplot(familydf, "no_of_family_members", "booking_status")
booking_status Canceled Not_Canceled All no_of_family_members All 9985 18456 28441 2 8213 15506 23719 3 1368 2425 3793 4 398 514 912 5 5 10 15 11 1 0 1 12 0 1 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
staydf = df[(df["no_of_week_nights"] > 0) & (df["no_of_weekend_nights"] > 0)]
staydf["total_days"] = staydf["no_of_week_nights"] + staydf["no_of_weekend_nights"]
print(
"\nThere are ",
staydf.shape[0],
" ",
round((staydf.shape[0] / df.shape[0]) * 100, 2),
"% guests who stayed at least one night in the hotel",
sep="",
)
print(
"There are ",
df.shape[0] - staydf.shape[0],
" ",
round(((df.shape[0] - staydf.shape[0]) / df.shape[0]) * 100, 2),
"% guests who did not stay at least one night in the hotel\n",
sep="",
)
stacked_barplot_mine(staydf, "total_days", "booking_status")
del staydf # free memory
There are 17094 47.12% guests who stayed at least one night in the hotel There are 19181 52.88% guests who did not stay at least one night in the hotel booking_status Canceled Not_Canceled All total_days 2 639 1301 1940 3 2183 3689 5872 4 1387 2977 4364 5 738 1593 2331 6 465 566 1031 7 383 590 973 8 79 100 179 9 53 58 111 10 58 51 109 11 15 24 39 12 15 9 24 13 15 3 18 14 27 5 32 15 26 5 31 16 5 1 6 17 4 1 5 18 3 0 3 19 5 1 6 20 8 3 11 21 3 1 4 22 2 0 2 23 1 1 2 24 1 0 1 All 6115 10979 17094 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: pay attention to the legend, the colors have changed.
stacked_barplot(df, "repeated_guest", "booking_status")
booking_status Canceled Not_Canceled All repeated_guest All 11885 24390 36275 0 11869 23476 35345 1 16 914 930 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For the following, I wanted to look at the reservations over the entire time period as there is a difference between the numbers for the months in 2017 as opposed to the same months in 2018.
The following code assigns a number to each year and month combination. 2017 and 7 is 1 and 2018 and 12 is 18.
There is probably more elegant way to write the following code, but it works.
%%time
monthsdf = df.copy()
monthsdf["long_month"] = ""
for i in range(36275):
if monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2017 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 7:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 1
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2017 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 8:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 2
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2017 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 9:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 3
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2017 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 10:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 4
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2017 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 11:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 5
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2017 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 12:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 6
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 1:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 7
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 2:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 8
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 3:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 9
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 4:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 10
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 5:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 11
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 6:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 12
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 7:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 13
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 8:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 14
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 9:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 15
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 10:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 16
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 11:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 17
elif monthsdf.iloc[i, 8] == 2018 and monthsdf.iloc[i, 9] == 12:
monthsdf.loc[i, "long_month"] = 18
print('All Done!') # message to confirm successful execution
All Done! Wall time: 24.9 s
z = 0
print('Key for long month varaiable: \n')
for i in range(1,19) :
print('\t', month_year[z], 'is number', i)
z += 1
Key for long month varaiable: 2017_7 is number 1 2017_8 is number 2 2017_9 is number 3 2017_10 is number 4 2017_11 is number 5 2017_12 is number 6 2018_1 is number 7 2018_2 is number 8 2018_3 is number 9 2018_4 is number 10 2018_5 is number 11 2018_6 is number 12 2018_7 is number 13 2018_8 is number 14 2018_9 is number 15 2018_10 is number 16 2018_11 is number 17 2018_12 is number 18
stacked_barplot_mine(monthsdf, "long_month", "booking_status")
booking_status Canceled Not_Canceled All long_month 1 243 120 363 2 185 829 1014 3 182 1467 1649 4 302 1611 1913 5 27 620 647 6 22 906 928 7 24 990 1014 8 430 1274 1704 9 700 1658 2358 10 995 1741 2736 11 948 1650 2598 12 1291 1912 3203 13 1071 1486 2557 14 1303 1496 2799 15 1356 1606 2962 16 1578 1826 3404 17 848 1485 2333 18 380 1713 2093 All 11885 24390 36275 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The colors in the legend have changed.
# This cell also uses the long_month data created in the last cell
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
sns.lineplot(data=monthsdf, x="long_month", y="avg_price_per_room", markers=True, ci = False)
plt.show()
# Code to get the total number of cancellations in the complete dataframe
# This will be used to compute the percentage of cancellations for each market segment
total_cancel = len(df.loc[df["booking_status"] == "Canceled"])
print("There are", total_cancel, "cancellations for all the reservations")
There are 11885 cancellations for all the reservations
marketdf = monthsdf.loc[monthsdf["market_segment_type"] == "Aviation"]
segment_cancel = len(marketdf.loc[marketdf["booking_status"] == "Canceled"])
print(
"\nThere are ",
segment_cancel,
" cancellations for this market segment which are ",
round((segment_cancel / total_cancel) * 100, 2),
"% of the total cancellations",
sep="",
)
print("\n\n") # for formatting
stacked_barplot_mine(marketdf, "long_month", "booking_status")
print("\n")
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
sns.lineplot(
data=marketdf, x="long_month", y="avg_price_per_room", markers=True, ci=False
)
plt.show()
There are 37 cancellations for this market segment which are 0.31% of the total cancellations booking_status Not_Canceled Canceled All long_month 8 1 0 1 9 3 0 3 10 21 4 25 11 10 19 29 12 5 1 6 13 2 0 2 15 12 6 18 16 26 3 29 17 8 4 12 All 88 37 125 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
marketdf = monthsdf.loc[monthsdf["market_segment_type"] == "Complementary"]
segment_cancel = len(marketdf.loc[marketdf["booking_status"] == "Canceled"])
print(
"\nThere are ",
segment_cancel,
" cancellations for this market segment which are ",
round((segment_cancel / total_cancel) * 100, 2),
"% of the total cancellations",
sep="",
)
print("\n\n") # for formatting
stacked_barplot_mine(marketdf, "long_month", "booking_status")
print("\n")
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
sns.lineplot(
data=marketdf, x="long_month", y="avg_price_per_room", markers=True, ci=False
)
plt.show()
There are 0 cancellations for this market segment which are 0.0% of the total cancellations booking_status Not_Canceled All long_month 1 5 5 2 37 37 3 27 27 4 22 22 5 16 16 6 32 32 7 30 30 8 18 18 9 23 23 10 12 12 11 23 23 12 21 21 13 13 13 14 11 11 15 25 25 16 23 23 17 28 28 18 25 25 All 391 391 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
marketdf = monthsdf.loc[monthsdf["market_segment_type"] == "Corporate"]
segment_cancel = len(marketdf.loc[marketdf["booking_status"] == "Canceled"])
print(
"\nThere are ",
segment_cancel,
" cancellations for this market segment which are ",
round((segment_cancel / total_cancel) * 100, 2),
"% of the total cancellations",
sep="",
)
print("\n\n") # for formatting
stacked_barplot_mine(marketdf, "long_month", "booking_status")
print("\n")
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
sns.lineplot(
data=marketdf, x="long_month", y="avg_price_per_room", markers=True, ci=False
)
plt.show()
There are 220 cancellations for this market segment which are 1.85% of the total cancellations booking_status Canceled Not_Canceled All long_month 1 0 4 4 2 19 54 73 3 14 119 133 4 5 102 107 5 5 83 88 6 0 93 93 7 6 100 106 8 13 193 206 9 11 156 167 10 6 59 65 11 66 153 219 12 14 85 99 13 8 101 109 14 7 41 48 15 18 107 125 16 10 104 114 17 18 129 147 18 0 114 114 All 220 1797 2017 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
marketdf = monthsdf.loc[monthsdf["market_segment_type"] == "Offline"]
segment_cancel = len(marketdf.loc[marketdf["booking_status"] == "Canceled"])
print(
"\nThere are ",
segment_cancel,
" cancellations for this market segment which are ",
round((segment_cancel / total_cancel) * 100, 2),
"% of the total cancellations",
sep="",
)
print("\n\n") # for formatting
stacked_barplot_mine(marketdf, "long_month", "booking_status")
print("\n")
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
sns.lineplot(
data=marketdf, x="long_month", y="avg_price_per_room", markers=True, ci=False
)
plt.show()
There are 3153 cancellations for this market segment which are 26.53% of the total cancellations booking_status Canceled Not_Canceled All long_month 1 90 77 167 2 56 287 343 3 72 694 766 4 197 817 1014 5 0 274 274 6 0 362 362 7 0 314 314 8 100 338 438 9 111 427 538 10 265 396 661 11 220 431 651 12 565 806 1371 13 199 272 471 14 117 280 397 15 439 387 826 16 466 588 1054 17 255 272 527 18 1 353 354 All 3153 7375 10528 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
marketdf = monthsdf.loc[monthsdf["market_segment_type"] == "Online"]
segment_cancel = len(marketdf.loc[marketdf["booking_status"] == "Canceled"])
print(
"\nThere are ",
segment_cancel,
" cancellations for this market segment which are ",
round((segment_cancel / total_cancel) * 100, 2),
"% of the total cancellations",
sep="",
)
print("\n\n") # for formatting
stacked_barplot_mine(marketdf, "long_month", "booking_status")
print("\n")
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
sns.lineplot(
data=marketdf, x="long_month", y="avg_price_per_room", markers=True, ci=False
)
plt.show()
There are 8475 cancellations for this market segment which are 71.31% of the total cancellations booking_status Canceled Not_Canceled All long_month 1 153 34 187 2 110 451 561 3 96 627 723 4 100 670 770 5 22 247 269 6 22 419 441 7 18 546 564 8 317 724 1041 9 578 1049 1627 10 720 1253 1973 11 643 1033 1676 12 711 995 1706 13 864 1098 1962 14 1179 1164 2343 15 893 1075 1968 16 1099 1085 2184 17 571 1048 1619 18 379 1221 1600 All 8475 14739 23214 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Check the legend as the colors have changed
print('Before:')
print(df['booking_status'].unique())
print('\n')
df["booking_status"].replace('Canceled', 1, inplace=True)
df["booking_status"].replace('Not_Canceled', 0, inplace=True)
print('After:')
print(df['booking_status'].unique())
Before: ['Not_Canceled' 'Canceled'] After: [0 1]
print("Check for Null Values and Percentage of rows that have null values")
pd.DataFrame(
{
"Count": df.isnull().sum()[df.isnull().sum() > 0],
"Percentage": (df.isnull().sum()[df.isnull().sum() > 0] / df.shape[0]) * 100,
}
)
Check for Null Values and Percentage of rows that have null values
| Count | Percentage |
|---|
%%time
num_cols = df.select_dtypes(include=np.number).columns.tolist()
num_cols.remove('booking_status')
plt.figure(figsize=(15, 12))
for i, variable in enumerate(num_cols):
plt.subplot(4, 4, i + 1)
plt.boxplot(df[variable], whis=1.5)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.title(variable)
plt.show()
Wall time: 1.48 s
I am not going to treat the outliers as it is inheritant in the data.
Treating outliers would have a big change on the data and results.
# Making backup copy of dataframe
# df.to_csv("C:/Users/David/temp/INNHotelsGroup_transformed.csv", index=False)
# Read command if needed
df = pd.read_csv("C:/Users/David/temp/INNHotelsGroup_transformed.csv")
# Independent variables
X = df.drop(["booking_status"], axis=1)
# Dependent variable
Y = df["booking_status"]
print("Independent Variables")
print(X.head())
print("\n\nDependent Variable")
Y.head()
Independent Variables no_of_adults no_of_children no_of_weekend_nights no_of_week_nights \ 0 2 0 1 2 1 2 0 2 3 2 1 0 2 1 3 2 0 0 2 4 2 0 1 1 type_of_meal_plan required_car_parking_space room_type_reserved lead_time \ 0 Meal Plan 1 0 Room_Type 1 224 1 Not Selected 0 Room_Type 1 5 2 Meal Plan 1 0 Room_Type 1 1 3 Meal Plan 1 0 Room_Type 1 211 4 Not Selected 0 Room_Type 1 48 arrival_year arrival_month arrival_date market_segment_type \ 0 2017 10 2 Offline 1 2018 11 6 Online 2 2018 2 28 Online 3 2018 5 20 Online 4 2018 4 11 Online repeated_guest no_of_previous_cancellations \ 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled avg_price_per_room \ 0 0 65.00 1 0 106.68 2 0 60.00 3 0 100.00 4 0 94.50 no_of_special_requests 0 0 1 1 2 0 3 0 4 0 Dependent Variable
0 0 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 1 Name: booking_status, dtype: int64
X = sm.add_constant(X)
X = pd.get_dummies(
X,
columns=X.select_dtypes(include=["object", "category"]).columns.tolist(),
drop_first=True,
)
X.head()
| const | no_of_adults | no_of_children | no_of_weekend_nights | no_of_week_nights | required_car_parking_space | lead_time | arrival_year | arrival_month | arrival_date | ... | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 3 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7 | market_segment_type_Complementary | market_segment_type_Corporate | market_segment_type_Offline | market_segment_type_Online | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1.0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 224 | 2017 | 10 | 2 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 1.0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 2018 | 11 | 6 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | 1.0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2018 | 2 | 28 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | 1.0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 211 | 2018 | 5 | 20 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | 1.0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 48 | 2018 | 4 | 11 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
5 rows × 28 columns
X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test = train_test_split(
X, Y, test_size=0.30, random_state=1
)
print(
"For training data, there are",
X_train.shape[0],
"rows and",
X_train.shape[1],
"columns.",
)
print(
"For test data, there are",
X_test.shape[0],
"rows and",
X_test.shape[1],
"columns.",
)
For training data, there are 25392 rows and 28 columns. For test data, there are 10883 rows and 28 columns.
# fitting logistic regression model
logit = sm.Logit(Y_train, X_train.astype(float))
lg = logit.fit(disp=False)
print(lg.summary())
Logit Regression Results
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: booking_status No. Observations: 25392
Model: Logit Df Residuals: 25364
Method: MLE Df Model: 27
Date: Fri, 10 Jun 2022 Pseudo R-squ.: 0.3293
Time: 13:33:08 Log-Likelihood: -10793.
converged: False LL-Null: -16091.
Covariance Type: nonrobust LLR p-value: 0.000
========================================================================================================
coef std err z P>|z| [0.025 0.975]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const -924.5923 120.817 -7.653 0.000 -1161.389 -687.795
no_of_adults 0.1135 0.038 3.017 0.003 0.040 0.187
no_of_children 0.1563 0.057 2.732 0.006 0.044 0.268
no_of_weekend_nights 0.1068 0.020 5.398 0.000 0.068 0.146
no_of_week_nights 0.0398 0.012 3.239 0.001 0.016 0.064
required_car_parking_space -1.5939 0.138 -11.561 0.000 -1.864 -1.324
lead_time 0.0157 0.000 58.868 0.000 0.015 0.016
arrival_year 0.4570 0.060 7.633 0.000 0.340 0.574
arrival_month -0.0415 0.006 -6.418 0.000 -0.054 -0.029
arrival_date 0.0005 0.002 0.252 0.801 -0.003 0.004
repeated_guest -2.3469 0.617 -3.805 0.000 -3.556 -1.138
no_of_previous_cancellations 0.2664 0.086 3.108 0.002 0.098 0.434
no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled -0.1727 0.153 -1.131 0.258 -0.472 0.127
avg_price_per_room 0.0188 0.001 25.404 0.000 0.017 0.020
no_of_special_requests -1.4690 0.030 -48.790 0.000 -1.528 -1.410
type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 2 0.1768 0.067 2.654 0.008 0.046 0.307
type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 3 17.8379 5057.732 0.004 0.997 -9895.134 9930.810
type_of_meal_plan_Not Selected 0.2782 0.053 5.245 0.000 0.174 0.382
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2 -0.3610 0.131 -2.761 0.006 -0.617 -0.105
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 3 -0.0009 1.310 -0.001 0.999 -2.569 2.567
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4 -0.2821 0.053 -5.305 0.000 -0.386 -0.178
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5 -0.7176 0.209 -3.432 0.001 -1.127 -0.308
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6 -0.9456 0.147 -6.434 0.000 -1.234 -0.658
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7 -1.3964 0.293 -4.767 0.000 -1.971 -0.822
market_segment_type_Complementary -41.8798 8.42e+05 -4.98e-05 1.000 -1.65e+06 1.65e+06
market_segment_type_Corporate -1.1935 0.266 -4.487 0.000 -1.715 -0.672
market_segment_type_Offline -2.1955 0.255 -8.625 0.000 -2.694 -1.697
market_segment_type_Online -0.3990 0.251 -1.588 0.112 -0.891 0.093
========================================================================================================
baseline = model_performance_classification_statsmodels(lg, X_train, Y_train)
print("Training performance:")
baseline.T
# I find the results easier to read when the data is transposed
Training performance:
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.806041 |
| Recall | 0.634222 |
| Precision | 0.739749 |
| F1 | 0.682933 |
models_train_comp_df["Baseline"] = pd.concat([baseline.T,], axis=1,)
print("Training performance comparison:")
models_train_comp_df
Training performance comparison:
| Baseline | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.806041 |
| Recall | 0.634222 |
| Precision | 0.739749 |
| F1 | 0.682933 |
vif_series = pd.Series(
[variance_inflation_factor(X_train.values, i) for i in range(X_train.shape[1])],
index=X_train.columns,
dtype=float,
)
vif_series = vif_series.sort_values(ascending=False)
print("Series before feature selection: \n\n{}\n".format(vif_series))
print("Results from 1 to 27 not in scientific notation")
for i in range(1, 28):
print(vif_series[i])
Series before feature selection: const 3.946816e+07 market_segment_type_Online 7.117643e+01 market_segment_type_Offline 6.411392e+01 market_segment_type_Corporate 1.692844e+01 market_segment_type_Complementary 4.500109e+00 avg_price_per_room 2.050421e+00 no_of_children 1.978229e+00 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6 1.973072e+00 repeated_guest 1.783516e+00 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled 1.651986e+00 arrival_year 1.430830e+00 no_of_previous_cancellations 1.395689e+00 lead_time 1.394914e+00 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4 1.361515e+00 no_of_adults 1.348154e+00 arrival_month 1.275673e+00 type_of_meal_plan_Not Selected 1.272183e+00 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 2 1.271851e+00 no_of_special_requests 1.247278e+00 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7 1.115123e+00 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2 1.101438e+00 no_of_week_nights 1.095667e+00 no_of_weekend_nights 1.069475e+00 required_car_parking_space 1.039928e+00 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5 1.027810e+00 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 3 1.025216e+00 arrival_date 1.006738e+00 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 3 1.003302e+00 dtype: float64 Results from 1 to 27 not in scientific notation 71.17643016286314 64.11392360666787 16.928435090299672 4.500109382806281 2.0504214407442007 1.9782292391055898 1.9730716135848128 1.783515643718824 1.6519858095625948 1.4308297431352288 1.3956885760993738 1.394914164857534 1.3615152486202524 1.3481544319264889 1.2756730019657159 1.2721833339559523 1.2718509526195296 1.2472780470536278 1.115123287616786 1.1014383675563244 1.0956665863062265 1.0694754274654357 1.0399281036789585 1.0278101083447435 1.02521632754035 1.0067378827912221 1.003301640531547 Wall time: 811 ms
Columns with a high VIF value are:
As the market_segment_type column is a category, the VIF values can be ignored.
This is documented in the notebook: IncomeGroupClassification_CaseStudy_DSBA.ipynb in the Multicollinearity section.
psort = lg.pvalues
print("Baseline of columns and p-values in decending order:")
psort.sort_values(ascending=False)
Baseline of columns and p-values in decending order: Wall time: 999 µs
market_segment_type_Complementary 9.999603e-01 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 3 9.994569e-01 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 3 9.971860e-01 arrival_date 8.011248e-01 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled 2.581156e-01 market_segment_type_Online 1.122205e-01 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 2 7.945680e-03 no_of_children 6.301360e-03 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2 5.768894e-03 no_of_adults 2.551918e-03 no_of_previous_cancellations 1.880538e-03 no_of_week_nights 1.198894e-03 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5 5.987149e-04 repeated_guest 1.417291e-04 market_segment_type_Corporate 7.223417e-06 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7 1.870797e-06 type_of_meal_plan_Not Selected 1.561671e-07 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4 1.126905e-07 no_of_weekend_nights 6.721797e-08 arrival_month 1.383788e-10 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6 1.239050e-10 arrival_year 2.298979e-14 const 1.966126e-14 market_segment_type_Offline 6.418682e-18 required_car_parking_space 6.469500e-31 avg_price_per_room 2.300748e-142 lead_time 0.000000e+00 no_of_special_requests 0.000000e+00 dtype: float64
# Wrote while loop since there are many columns and it is hard to pick out the highest p-value
# Besides, make the computer do the work!
collist = X_train.columns.tolist()
print("List of columns with p-values greater than 0.05 that are being dropped:\n")
i = 0
while len(collist) > 0:
vals = lg.pvalues
max_vals = max(vals)
if max_vals > 0.05:
colname = vals.idxmax()
print(colname, "\t", max_vals)
X_train = X_train.drop([colname], axis=1)
collist.remove(colname)
i += 1
logit = sm.Logit(Y_train, X_train.astype(float))
lg = logit.fit(disp=False)
else:
break
print("\nAll Done! Dropped", i, "columns")
List of columns with p-values greater than 0.05 that are being dropped: market_segment_type_Complementary 0.9999602968231939 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 3 0.9408412238826953 arrival_date 0.8390734594798591 market_segment_type_Online 0.6361037960698985 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled 0.2565821344794933 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 3 0.2129931685803249 All Done! Dropped 6 columns
diff_cols = X_test.columns.difference(X_train.columns)
print("These columns are different between the training and test datatframes: \n")
print(diff_cols)
These columns are different between the training and test datatframes:
Index(['arrival_date', 'market_segment_type_Complementary',
'market_segment_type_Online', 'no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled',
'room_type_reserved_Room_Type 3', 'type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 3'],
dtype='object')
diff_cols = diff_cols.tolist()
X_test = X_test.drop(diff_cols, axis=1)
X_test.columns
Index(['const', 'no_of_adults', 'no_of_children', 'no_of_weekend_nights',
'no_of_week_nights', 'required_car_parking_space', 'lead_time',
'arrival_year', 'arrival_month', 'repeated_guest',
'no_of_previous_cancellations', 'avg_price_per_room',
'no_of_special_requests', 'type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 2',
'type_of_meal_plan_Not Selected', 'room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2',
'room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4', 'room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5',
'room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6', 'room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7',
'market_segment_type_Corporate', 'market_segment_type_Offline'],
dtype='object')
# fitting logistic regression model
logit2 = sm.Logit(Y_train, X_train.astype(float))
lg2 = logit2.fit(disp=False)
print(lg2.summary())
Logit Regression Results
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: booking_status No. Observations: 25392
Model: Logit Df Residuals: 25370
Method: MLE Df Model: 21
Date: Fri, 10 Jun 2022 Pseudo R-squ.: 0.3283
Time: 13:33:49 Log-Likelihood: -10809.
converged: True LL-Null: -16091.
Covariance Type: nonrobust LLR p-value: 0.000
==================================================================================================
coef std err z P>|z| [0.025 0.975]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const -917.2860 120.456 -7.615 0.000 -1153.376 -681.196
no_of_adults 0.1086 0.037 2.914 0.004 0.036 0.182
no_of_children 0.1522 0.057 2.660 0.008 0.040 0.264
no_of_weekend_nights 0.1086 0.020 5.501 0.000 0.070 0.147
no_of_week_nights 0.0418 0.012 3.403 0.001 0.018 0.066
required_car_parking_space -1.5943 0.138 -11.561 0.000 -1.865 -1.324
lead_time 0.0157 0.000 59.218 0.000 0.015 0.016
arrival_year 0.4531 0.060 7.591 0.000 0.336 0.570
arrival_month -0.0424 0.006 -6.568 0.000 -0.055 -0.030
repeated_guest -2.7365 0.557 -4.915 0.000 -3.828 -1.645
no_of_previous_cancellations 0.2289 0.077 2.983 0.003 0.078 0.379
avg_price_per_room 0.0192 0.001 26.343 0.000 0.018 0.021
no_of_special_requests -1.4699 0.030 -48.892 0.000 -1.529 -1.411
type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 2 0.1654 0.067 2.487 0.013 0.035 0.296
type_of_meal_plan_Not Selected 0.2858 0.053 5.405 0.000 0.182 0.389
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2 -0.3560 0.131 -2.725 0.006 -0.612 -0.100
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4 -0.2826 0.053 -5.330 0.000 -0.387 -0.179
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5 -0.7352 0.208 -3.529 0.000 -1.143 -0.327
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6 -0.9650 0.147 -6.572 0.000 -1.253 -0.677
room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7 -1.4312 0.293 -4.892 0.000 -2.005 -0.858
market_segment_type_Corporate -0.7928 0.103 -7.711 0.000 -0.994 -0.591
market_segment_type_Offline -1.7867 0.052 -34.391 0.000 -1.889 -1.685
==================================================================================================
drop_p_df = model_performance_classification_statsmodels(lg2, X_train, Y_train)
print("Training performance:")
drop_p_df.T
Training performance:
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.805411 |
| Recall | 0.632548 |
| Precision | 0.739033 |
| F1 | 0.681657 |
models_train_comp_df["Drop_p-Values"] = pd.concat([baseline.T,], axis=1,)
print("Training performance comparison:")
models_train_comp_df
Training performance comparison:
| Baseline | Drop_p-Values | |
|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.806041 | 0.806041 |
| Recall | 0.634222 | 0.634222 |
| Precision | 0.739749 | 0.739749 |
| F1 | 0.682933 | 0.682933 |
# Making backup copy of dataframes
X_train.to_csv("C:/Users/David/temp/X_train_no_pvalues.csv", index=False)
X_test.to_csv("C:/Users/David/temp/X_test_no_pvalues.csv", index=False)
Y_train.to_csv("C:/Users/David/temp/Y_train_no_pvalues.csv", index=False)
Y_test.to_csv("C:/Users/David/temp/Y_test_no_pvalues.csv", index=False)
# converting coefficients to odds
odds = np.exp(lg2.params)
# finding the percentage change
perc_change_odds = (np.exp(lg2.params) - 1) * 100
# removing limit from number of columns to display
pd.set_option("display.max_columns", None)
# adding the odds to a dataframe
pd.DataFrame({"Odds": odds, "Change_odd%": perc_change_odds}, index=X_train.columns).T
| const | no_of_adults | no_of_children | no_of_weekend_nights | no_of_week_nights | required_car_parking_space | lead_time | arrival_year | arrival_month | repeated_guest | no_of_previous_cancellations | avg_price_per_room | no_of_special_requests | type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 2 | type_of_meal_plan_Not Selected | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7 | market_segment_type_Corporate | market_segment_type_Offline | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds | 0.0 | 1.114754 | 1.164360 | 1.114753 | 1.042636 | 0.203048 | 1.015835 | 1.573235 | 0.958528 | 0.064797 | 1.257157 | 1.019348 | 0.229941 | 1.179916 | 1.330892 | 0.700461 | 0.753830 | 0.479403 | 0.380991 | 0.239033 | 0.452584 | 0.167504 |
| Change_odd% | -100.0 | 11.475363 | 16.436009 | 11.475256 | 4.263629 | -79.695231 | 1.583521 | 57.323511 | -4.147245 | -93.520258 | 25.715665 | 1.934790 | -77.005947 | 17.991562 | 33.089244 | -29.953888 | -24.617006 | -52.059666 | -61.900934 | -76.096691 | -54.741616 | -83.249628 |
# creating confusion matrix
confusion_matrix_statsmodels(lg2, X_train, Y_train)
log_reg_model_train_perf = model_performance_classification_statsmodels(
lg2, X_train, Y_train
)
print("Training performance:")
log_reg_model_train_perf.T
Training performance:
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.805411 |
| Recall | 0.632548 |
| Precision | 0.739033 |
| F1 | 0.681657 |
models_train_comp_df["Logistic Regression-default Threshold (0.5)"] = pd.concat(
[log_reg_model_train_perf.T], axis=1,
)
print("Training performance comparison:")
models_train_comp_df
Training performance comparison:
| Baseline | Drop_p-Values | Logistic Regression-default Threshold (0.5) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.806041 | 0.806041 | 0.805411 |
| Recall | 0.634222 | 0.634222 | 0.632548 |
| Precision | 0.739749 | 0.739749 | 0.739033 |
| F1 | 0.682933 | 0.682933 | 0.681657 |
logit_roc_auc_train = roc_auc_score(Y_train, lg2.predict(X_train))
fpr, tpr, thresholds = roc_curve(Y_train, lg2.predict(X_train))
plt.figure(figsize=(9, 7))
plt.plot(fpr, tpr, label="Logistic Regression (area = %0.2f)" % logit_roc_auc_train)
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], "r--")
plt.xlim([0.0, 1.0])
plt.ylim([0.0, 1.05])
plt.xlabel("False Positive Rate")
plt.ylabel("True Positive Rate")
plt.title("Receiver operating characteristic")
plt.legend(loc="lower right")
plt.show()
# Optimal threshold as per AUC-ROC curve
# The optimal cut off would be where tpr is high and fpr is low
fpr, tpr, thresholds = roc_curve(Y_train, lg2.predict(X_train))
optimal_idx = np.argmax(tpr - fpr)
optimal_threshold_auc_roc = thresholds[optimal_idx]
print(optimal_threshold_auc_roc)
0.3710466623488743
# creating confusion matrix
confusion_matrix_statsmodels(lg2, X_train, Y_train, threshold=optimal_threshold_auc_roc)
# checking model performance for this model
log_reg_model_train_perf_threshold_auc_roc = model_performance_classification_statsmodels(
lg2, X_train, Y_train, threshold=optimal_threshold_auc_roc
)
print("Training performance:")
log_reg_model_train_perf_threshold_auc_roc.T
Training performance:
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.792888 |
| Recall | 0.735621 |
| Precision | 0.668696 |
| F1 | 0.700564 |
models_train_comp_df["Logistic Regression-0.37 Threshold"] = pd.concat(
[log_reg_model_train_perf_threshold_auc_roc.T], axis=1,
)
print("Training performance comparison:")
models_train_comp_df
Training performance comparison:
| Baseline | Drop_p-Values | Logistic Regression-default Threshold (0.5) | Logistic Regression-0.37 Threshold | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.806041 | 0.806041 | 0.805411 | 0.792888 |
| Recall | 0.634222 | 0.634222 | 0.632548 | 0.735621 |
| Precision | 0.739749 | 0.739749 | 0.739033 | 0.668696 |
| F1 | 0.682933 | 0.682933 | 0.681657 | 0.700564 |
Y_scores = lg2.predict(X_train)
prec, rec, tre = precision_recall_curve(Y_train, Y_scores,)
def plot_prec_recall_vs_tresh(precisions, recalls, thresholds):
plt.plot(thresholds, precisions[:-1], "b--", label="precision")
plt.plot(thresholds, recalls[:-1], "g--", label="recall")
plt.xlabel("Threshold")
plt.legend(loc="upper left")
plt.ylim([0, 1])
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 7))
plot_prec_recall_vs_tresh(prec, rec, tre)
plt.show()
# setting the threshold
optimal_threshold_curve = 0.42
confusion_matrix_statsmodels(lg2, X_train, Y_train, threshold=optimal_threshold_curve)
log_reg_model_train_perf_threshold_curve = model_performance_classification_statsmodels(
lg2, X_train, Y_train, threshold=optimal_threshold_curve
)
print("Training performance:")
log_reg_model_train_perf_threshold_curve.T
Training performance:
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.801276 |
| Recall | 0.699390 |
| Precision | 0.697888 |
| F1 | 0.698638 |
models_train_comp_df["Logistic Regression-0.42 Threshold"] = pd.concat(
[log_reg_model_train_perf_threshold_curve.T], axis=1,
)
print("Training performance comparison:")
models_train_comp_df
Training performance comparison:
| Baseline | Drop_p-Values | Logistic Regression-default Threshold (0.5) | Logistic Regression-0.37 Threshold | Logistic Regression-0.42 Threshold | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.806041 | 0.806041 | 0.805411 | 0.792888 | 0.801276 |
| Recall | 0.634222 | 0.634222 | 0.632548 | 0.735621 | 0.699390 |
| Precision | 0.739749 | 0.739749 | 0.739033 | 0.668696 | 0.697888 |
| F1 | 0.682933 | 0.682933 | 0.681657 | 0.700564 | 0.698638 |
This is the model to use!
# creating confusion matrix
confusion_matrix_statsmodels(lg2, X_test, Y_test)
log_reg_model_test_perf = model_performance_classification_statsmodels(
lg2, X_test, Y_test
)
print("Test performance:")
log_reg_model_test_perf.T
Test performance:
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.804649 |
| Recall | 0.630892 |
| Precision | 0.729003 |
| F1 | 0.676408 |
models_test_comp_df["Logistic Regression-default Threshold (0.5)"] = pd.concat([log_reg_model_test_perf.T], axis=1,)
print("Test performance comparison:")
models_test_comp_df
Test performance comparison:
| Logistic Regression-default Threshold (0.5) | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.804649 |
| Recall | 0.630892 |
| Precision | 0.729003 |
| F1 | 0.676408 |
logit_roc_auc_train = roc_auc_score(Y_test, lg2.predict(X_test))
fpr, tpr, thresholds = roc_curve(Y_test, lg2.predict(X_test))
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 7))
plt.plot(fpr, tpr, label="Logistic Regression (area = %0.2f)" % logit_roc_auc_train)
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], "r--")
plt.xlim([0.0, 1.0])
plt.ylim([0.0, 1.05])
plt.xlabel("False Positive Rate")
plt.ylabel("True Positive Rate")
plt.title("Receiver operating characteristic")
plt.legend(loc="lower right")
plt.show()
# creating confusion matrix
confusion_matrix_statsmodels(lg2, X_test, Y_test, threshold=optimal_threshold_auc_roc)
# checking model performance for this model
log_reg_model_test_perf_threshold_auc_roc = model_performance_classification_statsmodels(
lg2, X_test, Y_test, threshold=optimal_threshold_auc_roc
)
print("Test performance:")
log_reg_model_test_perf_threshold_auc_roc.T
Test performance:
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.796012 |
| Recall | 0.739353 |
| Precision | 0.666667 |
| F1 | 0.701131 |
models_test_comp_df["Logistic Regression-0.37 Threshold"] = pd.concat(
[log_reg_model_test_perf_threshold_auc_roc.T], axis=1,
)
print("Test performance comparison:")
models_test_comp_df
Test performance comparison:
| Logistic Regression-default Threshold (0.5) | Logistic Regression-0.37 Threshold | |
|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.804649 | 0.796012 |
| Recall | 0.630892 | 0.739353 |
| Precision | 0.729003 | 0.666667 |
| F1 | 0.676408 | 0.701131 |
# creating confusion matrix
confusion_matrix_statsmodels(lg2, X_test, Y_test, threshold=optimal_threshold_curve)
log_reg_model_test_perf_threshold_curve = model_performance_classification_statsmodels(
lg2, X_test, Y_test, threshold=optimal_threshold_curve
)
print("Test performance:")
log_reg_model_test_perf_threshold_curve.T
Test performance:
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.803639 |
| Recall | 0.703861 |
| Precision | 0.693815 |
| F1 | 0.698802 |
models_test_comp_df["Logistic Regression-0.42 Threshold"] = pd.concat(
[log_reg_model_test_perf_threshold_curve.T], axis=1,
)
print("Test performance comparison:")
models_test_comp_df
Test performance comparison:
| Logistic Regression-default Threshold (0.5) | Logistic Regression-0.37 Threshold | Logistic Regression-0.42 Threshold | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.804649 | 0.796012 | 0.803639 |
| Recall | 0.630892 | 0.739353 | 0.703861 |
| Precision | 0.729003 | 0.666667 | 0.693815 |
| F1 | 0.676408 | 0.701131 | 0.698802 |
The model with a threshold of 0.42 is the model to use!
print("Train and test performance comparison:")
print("Train performance:")
# print(models_train_comp_df)
display(models_train_comp_df)
print("\n\nTest performance:")
# print(models_test_comp_df)
display(models_test_comp_df)
Train and test performance comparison: Train performance:
| Baseline | Drop_p-Values | Logistic Regression-default Threshold (0.5) | Logistic Regression-0.37 Threshold | Logistic Regression-0.42 Threshold | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.806041 | 0.806041 | 0.805411 | 0.792888 | 0.801276 |
| Recall | 0.634222 | 0.634222 | 0.632548 | 0.735621 | 0.699390 |
| Precision | 0.739749 | 0.739749 | 0.739033 | 0.668696 | 0.697888 |
| F1 | 0.682933 | 0.682933 | 0.681657 | 0.700564 | 0.698638 |
Test performance:
| Logistic Regression-default Threshold (0.5) | Logistic Regression-0.37 Threshold | Logistic Regression-0.42 Threshold | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.804649 | 0.796012 | 0.803639 |
| Recall | 0.630892 | 0.739353 | 0.703861 |
| Precision | 0.729003 | 0.666667 | 0.693815 |
| F1 | 0.676408 | 0.701131 | 0.698802 |
The model with a threshold of 0.42 is the model to use!
# DataFrame to hold results of model performance
models_train_comp_df = pd.DataFrame()
models_test_comp_df = pd.DataFrame()
# Making backup copy of dataframe
# df.to_csv("C:/Users/David/temp/INNHotelsGroup_transformed.csv", index=False)
# Read command if needed
df = pd.read_csv("C:/Users/David/temp/INNHotelsGroup_transformed.csv")
# Independent variables
X = df.drop(["booking_status"], axis=1)
# Dependent variable
Y = df["booking_status"]
print("Independent Variables")
print(X.head())
print("\n\nDependent Variable")
Y.head()
Independent Variables no_of_adults no_of_children no_of_weekend_nights no_of_week_nights \ 0 2 0 1 2 1 2 0 2 3 2 1 0 2 1 3 2 0 0 2 4 2 0 1 1 type_of_meal_plan required_car_parking_space room_type_reserved lead_time \ 0 Meal Plan 1 0 Room_Type 1 224 1 Not Selected 0 Room_Type 1 5 2 Meal Plan 1 0 Room_Type 1 1 3 Meal Plan 1 0 Room_Type 1 211 4 Not Selected 0 Room_Type 1 48 arrival_year arrival_month arrival_date market_segment_type \ 0 2017 10 2 Offline 1 2018 11 6 Online 2 2018 2 28 Online 3 2018 5 20 Online 4 2018 4 11 Online repeated_guest no_of_previous_cancellations \ 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled avg_price_per_room \ 0 0 65.00 1 0 106.68 2 0 60.00 3 0 100.00 4 0 94.50 no_of_special_requests 0 0 1 1 2 0 3 0 4 0 Dependent Variable
0 0 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 1 Name: booking_status, dtype: int64
X = sm.add_constant(X)
X = pd.get_dummies(
X,
columns=X.select_dtypes(include=["object", "category"]).columns.tolist(),
drop_first=True,
)
X.head()
| const | no_of_adults | no_of_children | no_of_weekend_nights | no_of_week_nights | required_car_parking_space | lead_time | arrival_year | arrival_month | arrival_date | repeated_guest | no_of_previous_cancellations | no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled | avg_price_per_room | no_of_special_requests | type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 2 | type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 3 | type_of_meal_plan_Not Selected | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 3 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6 | room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7 | market_segment_type_Complementary | market_segment_type_Corporate | market_segment_type_Offline | market_segment_type_Online | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1.0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 224 | 2017 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 1.0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 2018 | 11 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 106.68 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | 1.0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2018 | 2 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | 1.0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 211 | 2018 | 5 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | 1.0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 48 | 2018 | 4 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 94.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test = train_test_split(
X, Y, test_size=0.30, random_state=1
)
print(
"For training data, there are",
X_train.shape[0],
"rows and",
X_train.shape[1],
"columns.",
)
print(
"For test data, there are",
X_test.shape[0],
"rows and",
X_test.shape[1],
"columns.",
)
For training data, there are 25392 rows and 28 columns. For test data, there are 10883 rows and 28 columns.
dTree = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=1)
dTree.fit(X_train, Y_train)
DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=1)
confusion_matrix_sklearn(dTree, X_train, Y_train)
decision_tree_perf_train = model_performance_classification_sklearn(dTree, X_train, Y_train)
decision_tree_perf_train.T
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.994211 |
| Recall | 0.986608 |
| Precision | 0.995776 |
| F1 | 0.991171 |
models_train_comp_df["Baseline Performance"] = pd.concat(
[decision_tree_perf_train.T], axis=1,
)
print("Training performance comparison:")
models_train_comp_df
Training performance comparison:
| Baseline Performance | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.994211 |
| Recall | 0.986608 |
| Precision | 0.995776 |
| F1 | 0.991171 |
Of course, the metrics are all great since the decision tree is completely overfit
confusion_matrix_sklearn(dTree, X_test, Y_test)
decision_tree_perf_test = model_performance_classification_sklearn(
dTree, X_test, Y_test
)
decision_tree_perf_test.T
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.874299 |
| Recall | 0.814026 |
| Precision | 0.800838 |
| F1 | 0.807378 |
models_test_comp_df["Baseline Performance"] = pd.concat(
[decision_tree_perf_test.T], axis=1,
)
print("testing performance comparison:")
models_test_comp_df
testing performance comparison:
| Baseline Performance | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.874299 |
| Recall | 0.814026 |
| Precision | 0.800838 |
| F1 | 0.807378 |
Overfit in the test data
%%time
feature_names = list(X.columns)
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 30))
tree.plot_tree(
dTree,
feature_names=feature_names,
filled=True,
fontsize=9,
node_ids=True,
class_names=True,
)
plt.show()
Wall time: 3min 4s
print(
pd.DataFrame(
dTree.feature_importances_, columns=["Imp"], index=X_train.columns
).sort_values(by="Imp", ascending=False)
)
Imp lead_time 0.350648 avg_price_per_room 0.175731 market_segment_type_Online 0.094067 arrival_date 0.086234 no_of_special_requests 0.068116 arrival_month 0.066867 no_of_week_nights 0.044743 no_of_weekend_nights 0.038139 no_of_adults 0.026223 arrival_year 0.011607 type_of_meal_plan_Not Selected 0.008490 required_car_parking_space 0.007140 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4 0.006211 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 2 0.003719 no_of_children 0.003303 market_segment_type_Offline 0.002507 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2 0.002141 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5 0.001774 market_segment_type_Corporate 0.000626 repeated_guest 0.000453 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7 0.000419 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6 0.000397 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled 0.000356 no_of_previous_cancellations 0.000091 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 3 0.000000 market_segment_type_Complementary 0.000000 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 3 0.000000 const 0.000000
%%time
importances = dTree.feature_importances_
indices = np.argsort(importances)
plt.figure(figsize=(12,12))
plt.title('Feature Importances')
plt.barh(range(len(indices)), importances[indices], color='violet', align='center')
plt.yticks(range(len(indices)), [feature_names[i] for i in indices])
plt.xlabel('Relative Importance')
plt.show()
Wall time: 200 ms
There are many columns that have little or no relative importance. They can be pruned.
# Choose the type of classifier.
estimator = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=1, class_weight="balanced")
# Grid of parameters to choose from
parameters = {
"max_depth": np.arange(2, 7, 2),
"max_leaf_nodes": [50, 75, 150, 250],
"min_samples_split": [10, 30, 50, 70],
}
# Type of scoring used to compare parameter combinations
acc_scorer = make_scorer(f1_score)
# Run the grid search
grid_obj = GridSearchCV(estimator, parameters, scoring=acc_scorer, cv=5)
grid_obj = grid_obj.fit(X_train, Y_train)
# Set the clf to the best combination of parameters
estimator = grid_obj.best_estimator_
# Fit the best algorithm to the data.
estimator.fit(X_train, Y_train)
DecisionTreeClassifier(class_weight='balanced', max_depth=6, max_leaf_nodes=50,
min_samples_split=10, random_state=1)
confusion_matrix_sklearn(estimator, X_train, Y_train)
decision_tree_perf_train = model_performance_classification_sklearn(
estimator, X_train, Y_train
)
decision_tree_perf_train.T
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.831010 |
| Recall | 0.786201 |
| Precision | 0.724278 |
| F1 | 0.753971 |
models_train_comp_df["Pre-Prune"] = pd.concat([decision_tree_perf_train.T], axis=1,)
print("Training performance comparison:")
models_train_comp_df
Training performance comparison:
| Baseline Performance | Pre-Prune | |
|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.994211 | 0.831010 |
| Recall | 0.986608 | 0.786201 |
| Precision | 0.995776 | 0.724278 |
| F1 | 0.991171 | 0.753971 |
confusion_matrix_sklearn(estimator, X_test, Y_test)
decision_tree_perf_test = model_performance_classification_sklearn(
estimator, X_test, Y_test
)
decision_tree_perf_test.T
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.834972 |
| Recall | 0.783362 |
| Precision | 0.727584 |
| F1 | 0.754444 |
models_test_comp_df["Pre-Prune"] = pd.concat([decision_tree_perf_test.T], axis=1,)
print("testing performance comparison:")
models_test_comp_df
testing performance comparison:
| Baseline Performance | Pre-Prune | |
|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.874299 | 0.834972 |
| Recall | 0.814026 | 0.783362 |
| Precision | 0.800838 | 0.727584 |
| F1 | 0.807378 | 0.754444 |
%%time
feature_names = list(X.columns)
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 30))
tree.plot_tree(
estimator,
feature_names=feature_names,
filled=True,
fontsize=9,
node_ids=True,
class_names=True,
)
plt.show()
Wall time: 3.58 s
print(
pd.DataFrame(
estimator.feature_importances_, columns=["Imp"], index=X_train.columns
).sort_values(by="Imp", ascending=False)
)
Imp lead_time 0.475546 market_segment_type_Online 0.184597 no_of_special_requests 0.169176 avg_price_per_room 0.076233 no_of_adults 0.026919 no_of_weekend_nights 0.020589 arrival_month 0.014125 required_car_parking_space 0.014101 market_segment_type_Offline 0.010007 no_of_week_nights 0.006999 type_of_meal_plan_Not Selected 0.000950 arrival_date 0.000760 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 3 0.000000 market_segment_type_Corporate 0.000000 market_segment_type_Complementary 0.000000 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7 0.000000 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6 0.000000 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5 0.000000 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4 0.000000 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 2 0.000000 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2 0.000000 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 3 0.000000 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled 0.000000 no_of_previous_cancellations 0.000000 repeated_guest 0.000000 arrival_year 0.000000 no_of_children 0.000000 const 0.000000
importances = estimator.feature_importances_
indices = np.argsort(importances)
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12))
plt.title("Feature Importances")
plt.barh(range(len(indices)), importances[indices], color="violet", align="center")
plt.yticks(range(len(indices)), [feature_names[i] for i in indices])
plt.xlabel("Relative Importance")
plt.show()
clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=1)
path = clf.cost_complexity_pruning_path(X_train, Y_train)
ccp_alphas, impurities = path.ccp_alphas, path.impurities
pd.DataFrame(path)
| ccp_alphas | impurities | |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.000000e+00 | 0.007572 |
| 1 | 4.327745e-07 | 0.007573 |
| 2 | 4.688391e-07 | 0.007573 |
| 3 | 5.329960e-07 | 0.007574 |
| 4 | 6.133547e-07 | 0.007575 |
| ... | ... | ... |
| 1342 | 6.665684e-03 | 0.286897 |
| 1343 | 1.304480e-02 | 0.299942 |
| 1344 | 1.725993e-02 | 0.317202 |
| 1345 | 2.399048e-02 | 0.365183 |
| 1346 | 7.657789e-02 | 0.441761 |
1347 rows × 2 columns
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5))
ax.plot(ccp_alphas[:-1], impurities[:-1], marker="o", drawstyle="steps-post")
ax.set_xlabel("effective alpha")
ax.set_ylabel("total impurity of leaves")
ax.set_title("Total Impurity vs effective alpha for training set")
plt.show()
clfs = []
for ccp_alpha in ccp_alphas:
clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(
random_state=1, ccp_alpha=ccp_alpha, class_weight="balanced"
)
clf.fit(X_train, Y_train)
clfs.append(clf)
print(
"Number of nodes in the last tree is: {} with ccp_alpha: {}".format(
clfs[-1].tree_.node_count, ccp_alphas[-1]
)
)
Number of nodes in the last tree is: 3 with ccp_alpha: 0.07657789477371368
clfs = clfs[:-1]
ccp_alphas = ccp_alphas[:-1]
node_counts = [clf.tree_.node_count for clf in clfs]
depth = [clf.tree_.max_depth for clf in clfs]
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(10, 7))
ax[0].plot(ccp_alphas, node_counts, marker="o", drawstyle="steps-post")
ax[0].set_xlabel("alpha")
ax[0].set_ylabel("number of nodes")
ax[0].set_title("Number of nodes vs alpha")
ax[1].plot(ccp_alphas, depth, marker="o", drawstyle="steps-post")
ax[1].set_xlabel("alpha")
ax[1].set_ylabel("depth of tree")
ax[1].set_title("Depth vs alpha")
fig.tight_layout()
The alpha does not change that much until you get down to around 500 node and around 10 on the depth of the tree. Alpha then begins to flatten out.
f1_train = []
for clf in clfs:
pred_train = clf.predict(X_train)
values_train = f1_score(Y_train, pred_train)
f1_train.append(values_train)
f1_test = []
for clf in clfs:
pred_test = clf.predict(X_test)
values_test = f1_score(Y_test, pred_test)
f1_test.append(values_test)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(15, 5))
ax.set_xlabel("alpha")
ax.set_ylabel("F1 Score")
ax.set_title("F1 Score vs alpha for training and testing sets")
ax.plot(ccp_alphas, f1_train, marker="o", label="train", drawstyle="steps-post")
ax.plot(ccp_alphas, f1_test, marker="o", label="test", drawstyle="steps-post")
ax.legend()
plt.show()
index_best_model = np.argmax(f1_test)
best_model = clfs[index_best_model]
print(best_model)
DecisionTreeClassifier(ccp_alpha=0.0001235740794181424, class_weight='balanced',
random_state=1)
confusion_matrix_sklearn(best_model, X_train, Y_train)
decision_tree_perf_train = model_performance_classification_sklearn(
best_model, X_train, Y_train
)
decision_tree_perf_train.T
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.900047 |
| Recall | 0.902547 |
| Precision | 0.814152 |
| F1 | 0.856073 |
models_train_comp_df["Cost Complexity"] = pd.concat(
[decision_tree_perf_train.T], axis=1,
)
print("Training performance comparison:")
models_train_comp_df
Training performance comparison:
| Baseline Performance | Pre-Prune | Cost Complexity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.994211 | 0.831010 | 0.900047 |
| Recall | 0.986608 | 0.786201 | 0.902547 |
| Precision | 0.995776 | 0.724278 | 0.814152 |
| F1 | 0.991171 | 0.753971 | 0.856073 |
The metrics are better for Cost Complexity as opposed to Pre-Purne and are better than the Baseline
confusion_matrix_sklearn(best_model, X_test, Y_test)
decision_tree_perf_test = model_performance_classification_sklearn(
best_model, X_test, Y_test
)
decision_tree_perf_test.T
| 0 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.868970 |
| Recall | 0.855196 |
| Precision | 0.766802 |
| F1 | 0.808591 |
models_test_comp_df["Cost Complexity"] = pd.concat([decision_tree_perf_test.T], axis=1,)
print("testing performance comparison:")
models_test_comp_df
testing performance comparison:
| Baseline Performance | Pre-Prune | Cost Complexity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.874299 | 0.834972 | 0.868970 |
| Recall | 0.814026 | 0.783362 | 0.855196 |
| Precision | 0.800838 | 0.727584 | 0.766802 |
| F1 | 0.807378 | 0.754444 | 0.808591 |
The metrics are better for Cost Complexity as opposed to Pre-Purne and are better than the Baseline
%%time
feature_names = list(X.columns)
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 30))
tree.plot_tree(
best_model,
feature_names=feature_names,
filled=True,
fontsize=9,
node_ids=True,
class_names=True,
)
plt.show()
Wall time: 26.4 s
print(
pd.DataFrame(
best_model.feature_importances_, columns=["Imp"], index=X_train.columns
).sort_values(by="Imp", ascending=False)
)
Imp lead_time 0.393829 market_segment_type_Online 0.133446 avg_price_per_room 0.123290 no_of_special_requests 0.120836 arrival_month 0.059044 arrival_date 0.034488 no_of_week_nights 0.029621 no_of_weekend_nights 0.025892 no_of_adults 0.025488 arrival_year 0.018936 market_segment_type_Offline 0.012553 required_car_parking_space 0.010072 type_of_meal_plan_Not Selected 0.005468 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 4 0.001903 market_segment_type_Corporate 0.001588 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 2 0.000810 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 2 0.000661 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 6 0.000596 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 5 0.000577 no_of_children 0.000559 repeated_guest 0.000343 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 7 0.000000 market_segment_type_Complementary 0.000000 type_of_meal_plan_Meal Plan 3 0.000000 room_type_reserved_Room_Type 3 0.000000 no_of_previous_bookings_not_canceled 0.000000 no_of_previous_cancellations 0.000000 const 0.000000
%%time
importances = dTree.feature_importances_
indices = np.argsort(importances)
plt.figure(figsize=(12,12))
plt.title('Feature Importances')
plt.barh(range(len(indices)), importances[indices], color='violet', align='center')
plt.yticks(range(len(indices)), [feature_names[i] for i in indices])
plt.xlabel('Relative Importance')
plt.show()
Wall time: 201 ms
print("Train and test performance comparison:")
print("Train performance:")
# print(models_train_comp_df)
display(models_train_comp_df)
print("\n\nTest performance:")
# print(models_test_comp_df)
display(models_test_comp_df)
Train and test performance comparison: Train performance:
| Baseline Performance | Pre-Prune | Cost Complexity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.994211 | 0.831010 | 0.900047 |
| Recall | 0.986608 | 0.786201 | 0.902547 |
| Precision | 0.995776 | 0.724278 | 0.814152 |
| F1 | 0.991171 | 0.753971 | 0.856073 |
Test performance:
| Baseline Performance | Pre-Prune | Cost Complexity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.874299 | 0.834972 | 0.868970 |
| Recall | 0.814026 | 0.783362 | 0.855196 |
| Precision | 0.800838 | 0.727584 | 0.766802 |
| F1 | 0.807378 | 0.754444 | 0.808591 |